The Leon notebooks

Sign in Subscribe

Axel Leon

My name is Axel Leon, I am a startup founder and a researcher of many fields, with intentions of using that knowledge to improve the globe.

Markov Games, Backwards Induction & Coordination Mechanisms

Markov Games, Backwards Induction & Coordination Mechanisms

RL and Game Theory Single-agent reinforcement learning works under a simple however important assumption: the environment is stationary. In other words, the world behaves in a predictable way that depends only on the actions of a single learner. In multi-agent systems conversely — which are prevalent in almost all

Jevons Paradox and Environmental Stewardship in the Fifth Industrial Revolution

Jevons Paradox and Environmental Stewardship in the Fifth Industrial Revolution

The first Industrial Revolution cultivated steam and mechanized labour, guiding humanity from the rustic fields into the factory and birthing the modern economy. The second fused electricity, steel, and the assembly line, delivering mass affluence at the price of unprecedented production — automobiles and the telephone burgeoned here. The third Revolution

AI in the Post-Davos 2026 Landscape

AI in the Post-Davos 2026 Landscape

In the picturesque town of Davos, Switzerland, global leaders, corporate executives, venture capitalists, hedge fund managers, and academics from the areas of business, technology, and policy convene each January for the World Economic Forum, where they shape agendas at the global, regional, and industry levels. The Forum positions the annual

The Standards That Build Great Products

The Standards That Build Great Products

"When I look at things, I could see, 'This could be better.'" — Karri Saarinen "Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication." — attributed to many What Makes a Brand? Lessons in Design and Trust Most people think of a brand as only the logo or the color

Policy (π): The Decision Function in Reinforcement Learning Systems

Policy (π): The Decision Function in Reinforcement Learning Systems

Reinforcement learning (RL) is one of the most exciting areas of artificial intelligence today. Deriving from behavioural psychology, particularly the concepts of operant conditioning and trial-and-error learning, RL at its essence is about teaching an AI agent to align with a goal via sequential decisions that lead to

How Reinforcement Learning Balances Exploration & Exploitation

How Reinforcement Learning Balances Exploration & Exploitation

Exploration vs. Exploitation: How an AI Agent Learns What Works Imagine an AI “agent” — a little decision‑maker, dropped into a world where it doesn’t know much. It has a rather hedonistic goal: to accumulate as much reward as possible (points, or wins, or good outcomes). They don'

Saudi Arabia’s AI Scale & The Digital Omnibus of the EU

Saudi Arabia’s AI Scale & The Digital Omnibus of the EU

Amidst the unraveling sector of AI, two shifts are currently redesigning the ecosystem: the emergence of an AI powerhouse in the Middle East, and the recalibration of digital protections in Europe. While one corner of the world gets its hands on cutting-edge AI chips and builds a colossal data